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40 SCANNER [SEC-I] n COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL LAW
COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL LAW AND AUDITING
COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL LAW
LAWS OF CONTRACT
Objective -Type Questions :
Q1.Comment on the following statement :
(a) A quasi contract is not a valid contract. [Ref : Q1. (a)(iv), Dec ’07 / Paper-7]
Q2. Write explanatory note on :
(a) ‘Uberrimae Fidei’ [Ref : Q6. (d)(a), June ’08 / Paper-7]
Q4.Comment on the following statement :
(a) Mr. X coerces Mr. Y to enter into a contract to sell Y’s hous worth Rs. 50 lakhs to X for Rs. 20
lakhs. [Ref : Q1. (a)(viii), Dec ’06 / Paper-7]
Q5. Are all contracts without consideration void? Do you agree? [Ref : Q1. (b), Dec ’04 / Paper-7]
Q6. Distinguish between Indemnity and Guarantee. [Ref : Q1. (b), June ’08 / Paper-7]
Q7. Distinguish between ‘Bailment’ & ‘Pledge’. [Ref : Q1. (b), Dec ’07 / Paper-7]
Q8. Distinguish between Bailment and Pledge. [Ref : Q1. (b), June ’04 / Paper-7]
Descriptive & Practical Questions :
Q1. Explain the essential elements which must be present in a valid contract.
[Ref : Q4. (e), Dec ’07 / Paper-7]
Q2. Explain the essential elements of a valid contract. [Ref : Q4. (a), June ’05 / Paper-7]
Q3. Distinguish between “Sale” and “Agreement to Sale”. [Ref : Q2. (b), Dec ’05 / Paper-7]
Q4. Certain agreements are expressly declared to be void/unlawful. Answer with Rule position.
[Ref : Q5. (a), June ’08 / Paper-7]
Q5. All agreements are not Contracts but all Contracts are Agreements.
[Ref : Q5. (d), Dec ’06 / Paper-7]
Q6. Mere mental acceptance is no acceptance. [Ref : Q6. (f), June ’06 / Paper-7]
Q7. Under what circumstances, a Contract can be discharged? [Ref : Q5. (b), June ’07 / Paper-7]
Q8. Explain the remedies available to aggrieved party for breach of contract.
[Ref : Q2. (a), June ’04 / Paper-7]
SCANNER [SEC-I] n COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL LAW 41
LAWS OF RELATING TO SALE OF GOODS
Objective -Type Questions :
Q1. Comment on the following statement :
(a) Mr. X coerces Mr. Y to enter into a contract to sell Y’s house worth Rs. 50 lakhs to X for Rs. 20
lakhs. [Ref : Q1. (a)(viii), Dec ’06 / Paper-7]
Q2. Comments on the following statement :
(a) The title to goods is transferred to the buyer immediately on payent of first instalment in Hire
Purchase Agreement. [Ref : Q1. (a)(vii), June ’04 / Paper-7]
Descriptive & Practical Questions :
Q1. ‘Future Goods’ and ‘Specific Goods’. [Ref : Q6. (c), June ’08 / Paper-7]
Q2. “Sale” and “Agreement to Sell”. [Ref : Q6. (a), Dec ’06 / Paper-7]
Q3. What are the implied conditions in a contract of sales? [Ref : Q2. (c), Dec ’07 / Paper-7]
Q4. Comments on the following statement :
(a) A stipulation may be a condition though called a warranty in the contract (Sale of Goods
Act, 1930). [Ref : Q1. (a)(iv), June ’07 / Paper-7]
Q5. Caveat Emptor. [Ref : Q6. (d), June ’07 / Paper-7]
Q6. Conditions & Warranties (Sale of Goods Act). [Ref : Q6. (b), June ’05 / Paper-7]
Q7. Arun purchased 10 kgs of potatos from a trader. Subsequently 1 kg was found rotten. On approach
trader refused to exchange such rotten potato. [Ref : Q5. (d), Dec ’07 / Paper-7]
Q8. Goods sent on “Approval” or “on Sale or Return”. [Ref : Q6. (e), Dec ’04 / Paper-7]
42 SCANNER [SEC-I] n COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL LAW
INDUSTRIAL LAWS & INDUSTRIAL DISPUTE ACT
Objectives -Type Questions :
Q1. (b) Industrial disputes are sought to be settled by various Authorities and methods prescribed
by the Industrial Disputes Act. 1947. State the legal provisions.
[Ref : Q1. (b), Dec ’06 / Paper-7]
Q1. (b) Distinguish between Lay Off and Retrenchment. [Ref : Q1. (b), June ’06 / Paper-7]
Q1. (a) Comment on the following statements :
(iv) Lay off and retrenchment cannot the same meaning. [Ref : Q1. (a)(iv), Dec ’05 / Paper-7]
Q1. (a) Comments on following statements :
(viii) An apprentice is an workman under Industrial Dispute Act.
[Ref : Q1. (a)(viii), June ’05 / Paper-7]
Q1. (a) Comments on the following statements :
(ii) An individual dispute is not an industrial dispute.
[Ref : Q1. (a)(ii), June ’04 / Paper-7]
Descriptive & Practical Questions :
Q6. (d) Industrial Disputes. [Ref : Q6. (d), Dec ’08 / Paper-7]
Q6. (b) Conciliation Officer [Ref : Q6. (b), June ’08 / Paper-7]
Q1. (b) Distinguish between “Strike” and “Lock-out”. [Ref : Q1. (b), June ’07 / Paper-7]
Q5. (c) Every termination of employment is retrenchment. Discuss with reference to the provisions
of the Industrial Disputes Act. [Ref : Q5. (c), June ’06 / Paper-7]
Q2. (c) Workers are entitled to Wages for Strike period also. State the legal position.
[Ref : Q2. (c), Dec ’04 / Paper-7]
Q4. (d) How are the Industrial Disputes settled? [Ref : Q4. (d), Dec ’04 / Paper-7]
SCANNER [SEC-I] n COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL LAW 43
PAYMENT OF BONUS ACT
Objectives -Type Questions :
Q1. Comment on the following statement :
(a) ABC Ltd. Which employees 18 persons during 2007-2008 incurred loss, company refused to
pay bonus. [Ref : Q1. (a)(ix), Dec ’08 / Paper-7]
Q2. Comment on the following statement :
(a) Payment of Bonus Act 1965 applies to every factory and every establishment. All classes of
employees are covered also. There is no exception.
[Ref : Q1. (a)(ix), Dec ’07 / Paper-7]
Q3. Comments on the following statement :
(a) Eligibility to Bonus depends on the period of actual service.
[Ref : Q1. (a)(ii), June ’05 / Paper-7]
Q4. Comments on the following statement :
(a) Payment of Bonus is limited to available surplus. [Ref : Q1. (a)(ix), Dec ’04 / Paper-7]
Q5. Comments on the following statement :
(a) Bonus payment may be linked to production or productivity.
[Ref : Q1. (a)(iii), June ’04 / Paper-7]
Descriptive & Practical Questions :
Q1. Write short note on :
(c) Allocable Surplus [Ref : Q6. (c), June ’04 / Paper-7]
Q2. Distinguish between “Set off” and “Set-on”. [Ref : Q4. (b), Dec ’06 / Paper-7]
44 SCANNER [SEC-I] n COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL LAW
PAYMENT OF GRATUITY ACT
Objectives -Type Questions :
Q1. Comments on the following statement :
(a) In the event of death of an employee, amount of Gratuity is payable to any of his sons, who
applies to the company. [Ref : Q1. (a)(ix), June ’08 / Paper-7]
Q2. Comments on the following statements :
(a) Gratuity is payable to an employee only on superannuation and within 3 months of its
becoming due. [Ref : Q1. (a)(vi), June ’07 / Paper-7]
Q3. Comments on the following statement :
(a) Gratuity can be withheld by the employer for non-vacation of official quarter by the employee.
[Ref : Q1. (a)(iii), Dec ’06 / Paper-7]
Q4. Comments on the following statements :
(a) Gratuity can be attached by an order of the court. [Ref : Q1. (a)(ix), Dec ’05 / Paper-7]
Q5. Mention the conditions subject to which the Gratuity is payable to Employees.
[Ref : Q1. (b), June ’05 / Paper-7]
Q6. Comments on the following statements :
(a) It is illegal to pay gratuity in excess of the limits prescribed in the Payment of Gratuity Act.
[Ref : Q1. (a)(ix), June ’04 / Paper-7]
Descriptive & Practical Questions :
Q1. Payment of gratuity under Gratuity Act, is applicable to every factory, every shop, every
establishment and others. Do you agree? [Ref : Q3. (e), Dec ’08 / Paper-7]
Q2. Mr. Ram joined Bells Assam Ltd. on 26-11-1980 and superannuated on 31-5-2006. On the date
of retirement, his monthly salary was Rs. 24,000. He also received overtime of Rs. 2,000. Calculate
the amount of Gratuity. [Ref : Q5. (d), June ’06 / Paper-7]
SCANNER [SEC-I] n COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL LAW 45
CONSUMER PROTECTION ACT
Objectives -Type Questions :
Q1. Comments on the following statements :
(a) ABC Ltd. purchased one machine for its production but the machine was defective. ABC
Ltd. Is entitled to compensation under Consumer Protection Act. 1986.
[Ref : Q1. (a)(vii), Dec ’08 / Paper-7]
Q2.Comments on the following statement :
(a) ‘Complainant’ means any person. (Consumer Protection Act, 1986).
[Ref : Q1. (a)(vi), June ’04 / Paper-7]
Descriptive & Practical Questions :
Q1. Write explanatory note on :
(a) Consumer (consumer protection Act 1986). [Ref : Q6. (a), Dec ’07 / Paper-7]
Q2. Write explanatory note on :
(a) Remedies available under the Consumer Protection Act.
[Ref : Q6. (f), Dec ’05 / Paper-7]
46 SCANNER [SEC-I] n COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL LAW
NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENT ACT
Objectives -Type Questions :
Q1. Comments on the following statement :
(a) Negotiation and Indorsement are synonymous. [Ref : Q1. (a)(v), Dec ’08 / Paper-7]
Q2. Dishonored cheque is not to be treated as an offence — Comment.
[Ref : Q1. (a)(v), June ’08 / Paper-7]
Q3. Comments on the following statement :
(a) Stop payment instruction can stop prosecution (N.I. Act).
[Ref : Q1. (a)(ii), Dec ’04 / Paper-7]
Descriptive & Practical Questions :
Q1. State the legal consequences, if any in the following cases, when—
(a) Mr. X drawn a bill of exchange which was accepted by Mr. Zed without any consideration.
Mr. X transferred the said bill to Mr. BEE without endorsement but for consideration.
[Ref : Q5. (a)(e), Dec ’08 / Paper-7]
Q2. Negotiable instrument without consideration is also valid-state legal position.
[Ref : Q5. (b), Dec ’07 / Paper-7]
Q3. Write explanatory note :
(a) Acceptor for honour [Ref : Q6. (f), Dec ’07 / Paper-7]
Q4. A bill of exchange dated 31st August, 2006 was made payable at 3 months after date. What was
the date of maturity? [Ref : Q3. (a), June ’07 / Paper-7]
Q5. Bill of Exchange and Promissory Note connote the same meaning. — Comments.
[Ref : Q5. (b), Dec ’06 / Paper-7]
Q6. What are the consequenes of a dishonour of a cheque? [Ref : Q3. (d), June ’06 / Paper-7]
Q7. Write explanatory note :
(a) Acceptance for Honour. [Ref : Q6. (c), Dec ’05 / Paper-7]
Q8. When notice for dishonour is not necessary (N.I. Act)? [Ref : Q5. (d), June ’05 / Paper-7]
Q9. Write explanatory note :
(a) Drawee in case of need (N.I. Act). [Ref : Q6. (c), June ’04 / Paper-7]
Q10. Write explanatory note :
(a) Bouncing of Cheques. [Ref : Q6. (e), June ’04 / Paper-7]
COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL LAW AND AUDITING
COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL LAW
LAWS OF CONTRACT
Objective -Type Questions :
Q1.Comment on the following statement :
(a) A quasi contract is not a valid contract. [Ref : Q1. (a)(iv), Dec ’07 / Paper-7]
Q2. Write explanatory note on :
(a) ‘Uberrimae Fidei’ [Ref : Q6. (d)(a), June ’08 / Paper-7]
Q4.Comment on the following statement :
(a) Mr. X coerces Mr. Y to enter into a contract to sell Y’s hous worth Rs. 50 lakhs to X for Rs. 20
lakhs. [Ref : Q1. (a)(viii), Dec ’06 / Paper-7]
Q5. Are all contracts without consideration void? Do you agree? [Ref : Q1. (b), Dec ’04 / Paper-7]
Q6. Distinguish between Indemnity and Guarantee. [Ref : Q1. (b), June ’08 / Paper-7]
Q7. Distinguish between ‘Bailment’ & ‘Pledge’. [Ref : Q1. (b), Dec ’07 / Paper-7]
Q8. Distinguish between Bailment and Pledge. [Ref : Q1. (b), June ’04 / Paper-7]
Descriptive & Practical Questions :
Q1. Explain the essential elements which must be present in a valid contract.
[Ref : Q4. (e), Dec ’07 / Paper-7]
Q2. Explain the essential elements of a valid contract. [Ref : Q4. (a), June ’05 / Paper-7]
Q3. Distinguish between “Sale” and “Agreement to Sale”. [Ref : Q2. (b), Dec ’05 / Paper-7]
Q4. Certain agreements are expressly declared to be void/unlawful. Answer with Rule position.
[Ref : Q5. (a), June ’08 / Paper-7]
Q5. All agreements are not Contracts but all Contracts are Agreements.
[Ref : Q5. (d), Dec ’06 / Paper-7]
Q6. Mere mental acceptance is no acceptance. [Ref : Q6. (f), June ’06 / Paper-7]
Q7. Under what circumstances, a Contract can be discharged? [Ref : Q5. (b), June ’07 / Paper-7]
Q8. Explain the remedies available to aggrieved party for breach of contract.
[Ref : Q2. (a), June ’04 / Paper-7]
SCANNER [SEC-I] n COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL LAW 41
LAWS OF RELATING TO SALE OF GOODS
Objective -Type Questions :
Q1. Comment on the following statement :
(a) Mr. X coerces Mr. Y to enter into a contract to sell Y’s house worth Rs. 50 lakhs to X for Rs. 20
lakhs. [Ref : Q1. (a)(viii), Dec ’06 / Paper-7]
Q2. Comments on the following statement :
(a) The title to goods is transferred to the buyer immediately on payent of first instalment in Hire
Purchase Agreement. [Ref : Q1. (a)(vii), June ’04 / Paper-7]
Descriptive & Practical Questions :
Q1. ‘Future Goods’ and ‘Specific Goods’. [Ref : Q6. (c), June ’08 / Paper-7]
Q2. “Sale” and “Agreement to Sell”. [Ref : Q6. (a), Dec ’06 / Paper-7]
Q3. What are the implied conditions in a contract of sales? [Ref : Q2. (c), Dec ’07 / Paper-7]
Q4. Comments on the following statement :
(a) A stipulation may be a condition though called a warranty in the contract (Sale of Goods
Act, 1930). [Ref : Q1. (a)(iv), June ’07 / Paper-7]
Q5. Caveat Emptor. [Ref : Q6. (d), June ’07 / Paper-7]
Q6. Conditions & Warranties (Sale of Goods Act). [Ref : Q6. (b), June ’05 / Paper-7]
Q7. Arun purchased 10 kgs of potatos from a trader. Subsequently 1 kg was found rotten. On approach
trader refused to exchange such rotten potato. [Ref : Q5. (d), Dec ’07 / Paper-7]
Q8. Goods sent on “Approval” or “on Sale or Return”. [Ref : Q6. (e), Dec ’04 / Paper-7]
42 SCANNER [SEC-I] n COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL LAW
INDUSTRIAL LAWS & INDUSTRIAL DISPUTE ACT
Objectives -Type Questions :
Q1. (b) Industrial disputes are sought to be settled by various Authorities and methods prescribed
by the Industrial Disputes Act. 1947. State the legal provisions.
[Ref : Q1. (b), Dec ’06 / Paper-7]
Q1. (b) Distinguish between Lay Off and Retrenchment. [Ref : Q1. (b), June ’06 / Paper-7]
Q1. (a) Comment on the following statements :
(iv) Lay off and retrenchment cannot the same meaning. [Ref : Q1. (a)(iv), Dec ’05 / Paper-7]
Q1. (a) Comments on following statements :
(viii) An apprentice is an workman under Industrial Dispute Act.
[Ref : Q1. (a)(viii), June ’05 / Paper-7]
Q1. (a) Comments on the following statements :
(ii) An individual dispute is not an industrial dispute.
[Ref : Q1. (a)(ii), June ’04 / Paper-7]
Descriptive & Practical Questions :
Q6. (d) Industrial Disputes. [Ref : Q6. (d), Dec ’08 / Paper-7]
Q6. (b) Conciliation Officer [Ref : Q6. (b), June ’08 / Paper-7]
Q1. (b) Distinguish between “Strike” and “Lock-out”. [Ref : Q1. (b), June ’07 / Paper-7]
Q5. (c) Every termination of employment is retrenchment. Discuss with reference to the provisions
of the Industrial Disputes Act. [Ref : Q5. (c), June ’06 / Paper-7]
Q2. (c) Workers are entitled to Wages for Strike period also. State the legal position.
[Ref : Q2. (c), Dec ’04 / Paper-7]
Q4. (d) How are the Industrial Disputes settled? [Ref : Q4. (d), Dec ’04 / Paper-7]
SCANNER [SEC-I] n COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL LAW 43
PAYMENT OF BONUS ACT
Objectives -Type Questions :
Q1. Comment on the following statement :
(a) ABC Ltd. Which employees 18 persons during 2007-2008 incurred loss, company refused to
pay bonus. [Ref : Q1. (a)(ix), Dec ’08 / Paper-7]
Q2. Comment on the following statement :
(a) Payment of Bonus Act 1965 applies to every factory and every establishment. All classes of
employees are covered also. There is no exception.
[Ref : Q1. (a)(ix), Dec ’07 / Paper-7]
Q3. Comments on the following statement :
(a) Eligibility to Bonus depends on the period of actual service.
[Ref : Q1. (a)(ii), June ’05 / Paper-7]
Q4. Comments on the following statement :
(a) Payment of Bonus is limited to available surplus. [Ref : Q1. (a)(ix), Dec ’04 / Paper-7]
Q5. Comments on the following statement :
(a) Bonus payment may be linked to production or productivity.
[Ref : Q1. (a)(iii), June ’04 / Paper-7]
Descriptive & Practical Questions :
Q1. Write short note on :
(c) Allocable Surplus [Ref : Q6. (c), June ’04 / Paper-7]
Q2. Distinguish between “Set off” and “Set-on”. [Ref : Q4. (b), Dec ’06 / Paper-7]
44 SCANNER [SEC-I] n COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL LAW
PAYMENT OF GRATUITY ACT
Objectives -Type Questions :
Q1. Comments on the following statement :
(a) In the event of death of an employee, amount of Gratuity is payable to any of his sons, who
applies to the company. [Ref : Q1. (a)(ix), June ’08 / Paper-7]
Q2. Comments on the following statements :
(a) Gratuity is payable to an employee only on superannuation and within 3 months of its
becoming due. [Ref : Q1. (a)(vi), June ’07 / Paper-7]
Q3. Comments on the following statement :
(a) Gratuity can be withheld by the employer for non-vacation of official quarter by the employee.
[Ref : Q1. (a)(iii), Dec ’06 / Paper-7]
Q4. Comments on the following statements :
(a) Gratuity can be attached by an order of the court. [Ref : Q1. (a)(ix), Dec ’05 / Paper-7]
Q5. Mention the conditions subject to which the Gratuity is payable to Employees.
[Ref : Q1. (b), June ’05 / Paper-7]
Q6. Comments on the following statements :
(a) It is illegal to pay gratuity in excess of the limits prescribed in the Payment of Gratuity Act.
[Ref : Q1. (a)(ix), June ’04 / Paper-7]
Descriptive & Practical Questions :
Q1. Payment of gratuity under Gratuity Act, is applicable to every factory, every shop, every
establishment and others. Do you agree? [Ref : Q3. (e), Dec ’08 / Paper-7]
Q2. Mr. Ram joined Bells Assam Ltd. on 26-11-1980 and superannuated on 31-5-2006. On the date
of retirement, his monthly salary was Rs. 24,000. He also received overtime of Rs. 2,000. Calculate
the amount of Gratuity. [Ref : Q5. (d), June ’06 / Paper-7]
SCANNER [SEC-I] n COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL LAW 45
CONSUMER PROTECTION ACT
Objectives -Type Questions :
Q1. Comments on the following statements :
(a) ABC Ltd. purchased one machine for its production but the machine was defective. ABC
Ltd. Is entitled to compensation under Consumer Protection Act. 1986.
[Ref : Q1. (a)(vii), Dec ’08 / Paper-7]
Q2.Comments on the following statement :
(a) ‘Complainant’ means any person. (Consumer Protection Act, 1986).
[Ref : Q1. (a)(vi), June ’04 / Paper-7]
Descriptive & Practical Questions :
Q1. Write explanatory note on :
(a) Consumer (consumer protection Act 1986). [Ref : Q6. (a), Dec ’07 / Paper-7]
Q2. Write explanatory note on :
(a) Remedies available under the Consumer Protection Act.
[Ref : Q6. (f), Dec ’05 / Paper-7]
46 SCANNER [SEC-I] n COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL LAW
NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENT ACT
Objectives -Type Questions :
Q1. Comments on the following statement :
(a) Negotiation and Indorsement are synonymous. [Ref : Q1. (a)(v), Dec ’08 / Paper-7]
Q2. Dishonored cheque is not to be treated as an offence — Comment.
[Ref : Q1. (a)(v), June ’08 / Paper-7]
Q3. Comments on the following statement :
(a) Stop payment instruction can stop prosecution (N.I. Act).
[Ref : Q1. (a)(ii), Dec ’04 / Paper-7]
Descriptive & Practical Questions :
Q1. State the legal consequences, if any in the following cases, when—
(a) Mr. X drawn a bill of exchange which was accepted by Mr. Zed without any consideration.
Mr. X transferred the said bill to Mr. BEE without endorsement but for consideration.
[Ref : Q5. (a)(e), Dec ’08 / Paper-7]
Q2. Negotiable instrument without consideration is also valid-state legal position.
[Ref : Q5. (b), Dec ’07 / Paper-7]
Q3. Write explanatory note :
(a) Acceptor for honour [Ref : Q6. (f), Dec ’07 / Paper-7]
Q4. A bill of exchange dated 31st August, 2006 was made payable at 3 months after date. What was
the date of maturity? [Ref : Q3. (a), June ’07 / Paper-7]
Q5. Bill of Exchange and Promissory Note connote the same meaning. — Comments.
[Ref : Q5. (b), Dec ’06 / Paper-7]
Q6. What are the consequenes of a dishonour of a cheque? [Ref : Q3. (d), June ’06 / Paper-7]
Q7. Write explanatory note :
(a) Acceptance for Honour. [Ref : Q6. (c), Dec ’05 / Paper-7]
Q8. When notice for dishonour is not necessary (N.I. Act)? [Ref : Q5. (d), June ’05 / Paper-7]
Q9. Write explanatory note :
(a) Drawee in case of need (N.I. Act). [Ref : Q6. (c), June ’04 / Paper-7]
Q10. Write explanatory note :
(a) Bouncing of Cheques. [Ref : Q6. (e), June ’04 / Paper-7]
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